Nigerian Journal of Animal Science

Lactation curves in some selected breeds of cows in Niger state, Nigeria

2023-11-13T08:03:26+00:00

The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the lactation curves in some selected breeds of cattle in Niger State, Nigeria. The data for the study was obtained from three genotypes (Bunaji; n=350; Sokoto-Gudali; n=220 and Simmental; n=202) from the years 2014 to 2021 domiciled at Maizube® Farm. Lactation curves were namely the logistics, Gompertz, Woods, Wilmink and Cobby and Ledu were fitted on actual daily milk yield records. Estimators of the lactation parameters for each model were computed for each cow by AI-REML algorithm. A lactation curve was fitted in MATHPLOT using days in milk as a numerical variable. The adjustment criteria considered to compare models were persistency, adjusted R2 coefficient of determination and model selection criterion. The initial milk yield was predicted to be 4.37, 4.39, 4.95, 4.2 and 4.4kg for Logistic, Gompertz, Wood, Wilmink and Cobby and Ledu models in Simmental cows. Wood model (7.95kg/day) had the best scale factor for average milk yield followed by Logistic and Gompertz models (7.78kg/day) in Bunaji cows which was better than Wilmink (6.14kg/day) and Cobby and Ledu (6.93 kg/day) in Simmental cows. Gompertz model predicted the highest peak milk yield, followed by Logistic (8.04kg) and Wood (7.79kg) for Simmental and Sokoto Gudali cows. More research on the topic is required to reach significant recommendations.

Hormonal response and reproductive performance of crossbred rabbit does (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fed dietary niacin supplementation under heat stress conditions

2023-11-13T14:59:25+00:00

Effect of dietary niacin supplementation was investigated on hormonal response of crossbred rabbit does (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in a 6-week feeding trial. A total of 30 matured rabbit does of 18 to 20 weeks old with average weight of 2.75 kg were used. Niacin was included in the diets of the rabbits at levels of 0 (control), 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg feed. The rabbits were randomly allotted to the diets (n=6 rabbits/treatments) and housed individually. Data generated were subjected to analysis of variance while the significant differences in means were separated using pairwise-difference. Results showed that rabbit does fed dietary niacin at 100, 150 and 200 mg niacin/kg diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher oestradiol (26.02, 26.25, 26.40 vs. 24.84 pg/ml) and progesterone (8.18, 8.76, 8.90 vs. 7.63 ng/ml) concentrations as well as litter size at birth (7.50, 8.50, 7.90 vs. 6.20) and at weaning (6.80, 7.45, 7.10 vs. 5.00) than their counterparts fed the control diet. There was significant interaction between niacin levels and breeding periods on oestradiol and progesterone concentrations of the does. The results of this study suggest that feed grade niacin supplementation at 100, 150 and 200 mg niacin/kg diet could potentially improve hormonal profile which led to improved litter size at birth and at weaning of the rabbit does.

Daily sperm production, gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves in rabbit bucks fed dietary ascorbic acid supplementation

2023-11-13T15:03:52+00:00

A study was conducted for 20 weeks to investigate the effect of dietary ascorbic acid supplementation levels on daily sperm production, gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves of crossbred rabbit bucks. A total of 20, matured rabbit bucks of 18 to 20 weeks old with average weight of 2.75 kg were used. Ascorbic acid was included in the diets of the rabbits at levels of 0 (control), 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg feed. The rabbits were randomly allotted to the diets (n=4 rabbits/treatments) and housed individually. Each rabbit was a replicate. At the end of the experiment, two bucks per treatment were sacrificed and their testes and epididymides were carefully sampled, weighed and processed for determination of gonadal and epididymal spermatozoa reserves. All data were subjected to general linear model while the significant differences in means were separated using pairwise-difference. Results showed that gonadal sperm reserves of the right testis of bucks fed ascorbic acid supplementation were significantly (P<0.05) higher (288.75, 287.15, 299.98, 296.00 vs. 263.10 x106/ml) than their counterparts fed the control diet. Bucks fed ascorbic acid supplemented diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher (98.76, 98.00, 115.72, 112.67 vs. 83.55) daily sperm production of the right testis compared to bucks fed the control diet. The results of this study suggest that feed grade ascorbic acid supplementation could improve gonadal and extragonadal sperm reserves and daily sperm production of rabbit bucks.

Growth, haematology and serum biochemical responses of rabbit bucks administered carrot (daucus carota) seed meal

2023-11-13T15:08:26+00:00

An experiment was conducted with 24 crossbred rabbit bucks (8 months old, 1770±55.05g) to assess their growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical responses to carrot seed meal (CSM). The administered treatments were 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6mg CSM/kg in treatments 1 (control), 2, 3 and 4, respectively, orally drenched into each animal on treatment basis, with six rabbits per treatment for twelve weeks. Feed intake, weight gain and carcass yield were monitored. Blood samples were collected at baseline, day 45 and day 70 from each rabbit. Average body weight gain ranged from 169.60±9.08g (T4) to 337.26±9.08g (T3), the average weekly feed intake ranged from 882.40±12.06g (T4) to 1014.30±12.06g (T2) and carcass yield from 47.75±8.57g (T4) to 61.25±8.75g (T3). All haematological parameters were not significantly different among the treatments except eosinophils at the mid stage of the experiment. All serum parameters were not significantly different at baseline. Aspartate amino transferase, Alanine amino transferase, bilirubin, globulin, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein were similar among the treatments, while the total protein, albumin, albumin/globulin were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by treatments at the mid stage. At the end line, only triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein were significantly (p<0.05) different among the treatments. However, the values were within the physiological range for healthy rabbits. It was concluded that carrot seed meal did not adversely affect the blood profile and health status of rabbits with CSM up to 0.4mg/kg enhanced growth performance in rabbit bucks.

Haemato-biochemical response and hormonal profile of rabbit does drenched varying levels of clove (syzygium aromaticum) powder

2023-11-13T15:11:28+00:00

Use of phytogenic feed additives in livestock industry is gaining ground, there is need to evaluate its effect on reproductive hormone, hematology and serum biochemistry of animals placed on phytogenic additive. Clove powder supplementation was investigated on haemato-biochemical and hormonal response of crossbred rabbit does (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in a 8-weeks drenching trial. An experiment was conducted on twenty - four rabbits of 5months of age. The animals were drenched with clove powder to determine its effect on the biochemical response and hormonal profile of the rabbits. The twenty- four rabbits were allotted into three treatments of four replicates in a completely randomized design. Dietary levels of 0.0g, 0.5g and 1.0g of clove powder were given orally to the rabbits. Blood samples were collected from the lateral saphenous vein at the end of the experiment to evaluate haemato-biochemical parameters and hormonal profile. Data collected on haemato-biochemical parameters and hormonal profile were subjected to one way analysis of variance. Some of the parameters evaluated were: Red blood cell, White blood cell, Pack cell volume, Total protein, Globulin, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Blood urea nitrogen, Creatinine trimethylglycine, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone and Progesterone. All Haematological parameters showed significant (P<0.05) differences in favor of animals on 1.0g of clove powder except for white blood cell. Parameters such as Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase, Cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, Low density lipoprotein and Albumin: Globulin shows no significant difference (p>0.05). Estradiol and Follicle stimulating hormone showed significant differences (p<0.05), they follow same trend. Lutenising hormone and progesterone shows significant differences (p<0.05). It was concluded that up to 1.0g of clove can be included in rabbit’s diet without any detrimental effect on their health status.

Factors Influencing choice of record keeping among small-scale fish farmers in Osun State Nigeria

2023-11-13T15:17:09+00:00

This study examined the variables impacting small-scale fish farmers in Osun State Nigeria, in their decision regarding record keeping. A simple random sampling technique was used to select one hundred and fifty (150) small-scale fish farmers. The information was retrieved using well-structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study's findings showed that majority of the respondents were educated married men and above the age of 35years. In addition, medium scale production was their major intensity of production while hired and family labor was their major source of labor. Most (78.0 %) of the respondents were full-time fish farmers with average farming experience of 7.29years. Purchase record, sales record, stock evaluation record, credit book records, profit and loss records and equipment records were the most important records kept by respondents in the study area. Inferential statistics shows that marital status, educational qualification, intensity of production, sex, species of fish raised, management system and production cycle significantly related to variables affecting small-scale fish farmers in their decision regarding record keeping. Reasons for record keeping were preservation of information about farm business, profit evaluation, farm profitability determination, staff management, indication for the validity of farm business, expansion of farm size, planning of farm budget for successful farm operation and provision of correct data or information for credit purpose. Thus, record keeping among small-scale fish farmers should be encourage and monitored for proper farm evaluation and planning.

Nutrient quality and in vitro digestibility of dried cassava peel, mushroom degraded cassava peel and silage from guinea grass

2023-11-13T15:20:33+00:00

There is a need to address the knowledge gap regarding the nutritional composition and digestibility of alternative feed resources in livestock nutrition to assess. This study was carried out to determine the nutritive quality and in vitro digestibility of dried cassava peel (DCP), mushroom degraded cassava peel (MDCP) and silage from guinea grass at different levels. Fresh Panicum maximum were harvested at 8 weeks after cutback chopped to 3-4 cm length, wilted for 24hours and ensiled for 4 months. Fresh cassava peels were sun-dried for 4 days. Some of the stored dried cassava peels were used as substrate to culture mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (oyster species) which was used in varying proportions in diets with dried cassava peels, grasses, silage and conventional feed. Samples from the diet composition were milled to determine chemical analyses and in vitro gas production techniques. The data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the treatment means separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test. The result showed highest crude protein (CP) (17.42%) in diet containing 40% grass+50% DCP and 10% palm kernel cake (PKC) and least was observed in 100% DCP with the value of 4.90%. The highest methane gas at P<0.05 was observed in 100% DCP with 26.33ml and the lowest (P<0.05) was from 100% MDCP with 12.88ml. The diet having 40% Grass + 50% DCP + 10% PKC had the highest nutritional qualities. It was therefore concluded that mushroom degraded cassava peel can be used as protein supplement in ruminant feed..

Evaluation of the proximate composition of four commercial broiler starter diets sold within Kaduna metropolis: a comparative laboratory based study

2023-11-13T15:25:02+00:00

Evidence that the quality of commercial poultry feeds on the Nigerian markets may frequently be very poor has been established. Therefore, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the proximate composition of commercial broiler starter diets, for their suitability for broiler chicken’s nutrition. Four samples of the broiler starter diets labeled “diets A, B, C and D were subjected to proximate analysis in the laboratory. Three samples (100g each) of the four diets were obtained separately from three poultry feed suppliers within Kaduna metropolis. The four diets differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other in percentage crude protein (%CP). The %CP of diet D was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to the other diets, while diet B had the least (P<0.05) %CP. The metabolizable energy (ME) of diet A was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to that of other diets. The %CP for diets C (22.72) and D (25.66) as well as the ME of all the diets was found to be adequate to support growth of broiler chicks. The %CF of diets A and B did not differ (P>0.05) but were significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to diet C and D. The percentage nitrogen free extract (%NFE) of diets A and C were similar (P>0.05) but significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of diets C and D. The result of this study has revealed that among the four commercial broiler starter diets sold within Kaduna metropolis, only diet C and D has adequate crude protein that could support broiler starter bird’s growth performance.

Evaluation of Technical Efficiency of Broiler Farms in Nigeria

2023-11-13T15:27:43+00:00

The poultry industry of which broiler farming is an aspect, is the largest of the livestock sub-sector. Despite this, the industry is characterized by a high level of inefficiency. The focus of this research is on the technical efficiency of broiler farms in Nigeria. Data was collected from 646 respondents with the aid of a questionnaire and analysed with descriptive statistics and Stochastic Frontier Production Function (SFPF) -Cobb-Douglas functional form. Results showed that technical efficiency ranged from 11- 98% with a mean of 67%. The quantity of feed and labour positively influenced broiler output, costs of drugs and vaccines negatively influenced it. Factors that had an indirect influence on the level of technical inefficiency of farms are education, training, access to credit, and other means of livelihood. The sex of the farmer had a direct association with the farm’s level of technical inefficiency. Our findings strongly suggest that to increase broiler farm efficiency, feed, and labor should be adequately utilized, while bio-security measures to reduce expenses on drugs and vaccines should be promoted among broiler farmers. Also, policies that will see to adequate training of farmers and improvement in their level of access to credits should be put in place.

Effects of egg weight and storage time on hatchweight of Fulani ecotype chicken eggs under artificial incubation

2023-11-13T15:31:39+00:00

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of egg weight and storage time on the hatch weight of Fulani ecotype chicken eggs under artificial incubation. A total of 50 eggs [Small (<30.84 g) (26 eggs) and Medium (>30.84 g) (24 eggs)] were used for the study. Data generated were subjected to analysis of variance and the relationships among the parameters observed were estimated using Pearson’s correlation and regression analyses. The medium eggs (>30.84 g) had the highest (P<0.05) mean value of 34.65 g for hatch weight while the small category (<30.84 g) recorded the lowest of 27.00 g. Storage period had no significant (P>0.05) effect on hatch weight. The result indicated that there was no significant (P>0.05) interaction effect on hatch weight of the Fulani chicken. Egg weight was significantly (P<0.01) and positively correlated with hatch weight (0.997). The correlation between egg weight and storage period (P<0.05) was, however, negative (-0.353). The correlation between hatch weight and storage period (P<0.05) was also negative (-0.342). The best fit was observed in the Linear model with R2 = 0.994, adjusted R2 = 0.994 and root mean square value of 0.365, which was lesser than the 0.367 obtained in the Quadratic model. The current study revealed that eggs of medium size produced chicks with higher hatch weight compared to eggs of small size while storage period did not affect the hatch weight of Fulani chickens.

Mineral and phytochemical composition of additives produced from Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts by different extraction methods

2023-11-13T16:09:57+00:00

This study was conducted to determine the mineral, phytochemical and antinutritional composition of additive produced from Chromlaena odorata leaves extract by different extraction methods. Fresh leaves werewashed in water, shade dried for 48 hours and thereafter, macerated. Extraction of Chromolaena odorata was performed using six methods; water decoction, methanol, and ethanol extraction, followed by microwave assisted repeats of the three extraction media. The additive production was completed by the addition of sodium benzoate as preservative and Aspartame® as sweetener to each extract. The additives werelabeled Chromolaena odorata water decoct (COWD), Chromolaena odorata microwave assisted water decoct (CMWD) Chromolaena odorata ethanol extract (COEE), Chromolaena odorata microwave assisted ethanol extract (CMEE), Chromolaena odorata methanol extract (COME) and Chromolaena odorata microwave assisted methanol extract (CMME)then analysed for mineral,phytochemical and antinutritional composition. A 2x3 factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) was employed.Results of this study indicated significantly (p<0.05) highest calcium (8.24mg/L) value for COME. Potassium value (p<0.05) was highest in CMWD (5.24mg/l) while Ironvalue was highest (p<0.05) at COWD (49.69mg/l). Methanol as an extraction media produced the highest value of calcium (7.72mg/l), magnesium (0.88mg/l), potassium (4.97mg/l) and Iron (40.20mg/l). There was no significant (p>0.05) differencein parameters analysedbetween microwaveand non-microwave assisted extraction except for manganese. Phytochemical and antinutritional factor concentration indicated that values obtained fellwithin tolerable levels especially for monogastric animals. Cyanide was significantly (p<0.05) lower for CMEE (0.99mg/100ml) than others while oxalate, saponin, alkaloid and antioxidants were significantly (p<0.05) higher for COME. The values of minerals, phytochemicals and antinutritional factors obtained makes the additive a potential candidate for promotion of growth in broiler chicken.

Effect of multi-enzymes and probiotics on growth and health status of cockerel chickens

2023-11-13T16:37:52+00:00

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of multi-enzymes and probiotics on growth performance and health status of cockerel chickens. A total of One hundred and twenty (120) cockerel chicks were allotted to four (4) dietary treatments with three (3) replicates and each having ten (10) birds in a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment (T) diets were formulated; T1: control diet, maize based diet only, T2: maize based diet with multi enzyme, T3: maize based diet with probiotics, T4: maize based diet with multi enzyme and probiotics in combination. The diets and clean water were provided ad libitum for the eight weeks of the experiment. Data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significant differences among treatment means were compared using the Duncan Multiple Range Test. Addition of multi-enzyme and probiotics singly or in combination improved (P<0.05) the final weight gain and feed intake of cockerel chicks. The inclusion of multi enzyme and probiotics increased the albumin levels in cockerel chickens and improve liver function. It was concluded that the use of multi-enzymes and probiotics singly or in combination can improve the growth and health status of cockerel chickens.

Effect of dietary inclusion levels of locust (Zonocerous variegatus) meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grower rabbits

2023-11-13T16:41:10+00:00

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding inclusion levels of locust meal on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grower rabbits, with four dietary inclusion levels of locust meal (LM) at 0, 5, 10 and 15% respectively. Twenty eight (28) weaned rabbits aged 6 weeks of different breeds and sex were used for the study and randomly assigned to four dietary treatment groups with seven (7) rabbits per treatment in a completely randomized design (CRD). Parameters measured include: initial and final weights, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, respectively. The trial lasted for eight (8) weeks. Data generated were set for analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS (2005) software package. The average daily weight gain (ADWG g/d) of rabbits fed the control diet, 5 and 15% LM were within the same level but higher (P<0.05) than those fed 10% level of inclusion. Average daily feed intake of rabbits fed 5% level of inclusion was higher (P<0.05) than those fed the control diet. However, the feed conversion ratio of rabbits fed the control diet, 5 and 15% levels of inclusion of LM was similar (5.39) but lower than those fed 10% LM (6.40). Rabbits fed 10% and 15% levels of inclusion of LM had higher (P<0.05) dressing percentage and carcass weight respectively, than those fed the control diet. In conclusion, dietary replacement of Soya bean meal with 5% locust meal improved growth performance and carcass characteristics.

Livability and growth performance of Noiler chickens fed with different biotic additives

2023-11-13T16:44:16+00:00

Liveability and mortality rate is a germane aspect of production performance that cannot be overlooked in poultry production. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of different biotic additives (prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic) on performance of Noiler female at the growing phase (forty-nine days) till point of first egg across the biotic additive (twenty-one days). A total of one hundred and twenty-eight female Noiler were used for the experiment. Experimental treatment consisted of prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic and control at inclusion rate of a gram into a kilo gramme of feed. Parameters measured are: Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weight of first egg, age of first egg and livability. Data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. The result obtained revealed a better growth performance across the treatments than the control group with the least final weight. Prebiotic treatment had the best age at first lay on day one hundred and thirty-seven followed by other treatments on day one hundred and fifty-four. However, the size of the eggs was not significantly influenced by the biotic additive. Hence, the experiment can be concluded that inclusion of different biotic additives influenced the growth performance likewise Prebiotic had significant effect on the age of first laying in Noiler chicken and liveability was a hundred percentage throughout the duration of the experiment.

Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Ross 308 broiler chickens fed diets containing clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) as a natural feed additive

2023-11-13T16:48:23+00:00

The study was carried out to determine the response of broiler chickens to the use of clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) as a natural feed additive. One hundred and sixty (160) Ross 308-day-old broiler chicks of mixed sexes were used for the experiment. The birds were weighed and randomly allotted to four treatments with four replicates using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Treatment 1 was the control without clove bud, while treatments 2, 3 and 4 were diets supplemented with 0.40, 0.80 and 1.20 % of clove bud respectively. Birds were raised on deep litter. The result of growth performance showed that the daily body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected significantly (p>0.05) by dietary treatments. This implies that the inclusion of clove bud in broiler chicken diets did not affect their growth performance. Results obtained on the apparent nutrient revealed that the dry matter, crude protein, ash, ether extract and nitrogen-free extract showed no significant (p>0.05) difference among dietary treatment groups except for crude fibre which showed significant (p<0.05) difference among treatments. Basically, from the results obtained from this research, the addition of up to 0.40 % clove bud to the diet of broiler chickens is therefore recommended since it did not have a significant negative effect on the overall performance.

Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and haematological indices of weaner pigs fed diets containing graded levels of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.) waste leaf meal

2023-11-13T16:51:19+00:00

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate growth performance, nutrient digestibility and haematological indices of weaner pigs fed diets containing graded levels of cabbage (Brassica oleracea Var.) waste leaf meal (CWLM). A total of 45 Large white X Landrace breed of weanling pigs between 5-6 weeks old were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments containing CWLM. Each treatment consisted of nine (9) pigs and replicated thrice in a completely randomized design. Diet 1 contained 0% CWLM while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 contained 5, 10, 15 and 20% levels of inclusion of CWLM, respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The results revealed that final weight (24.36 – 24.95kg) and daily weight gain (291.84 – 301.74g/d) were not significantly affected by dietary treatments but except daily feed intake (715.76 – 780.03 g/d) increased (P<0.05) significantly as the levels of CWLM increases. Feed conversion ratios (2.39 – 2.65) were similar (P>0.05) among the treatments. Ether extract digestibility values (50.54 -52.87%) were better (P<0.05) among pigs fed T1, T2, and T3 diets compared to those fed T4 and T5 diets. The feed cost/kg gain were not significantly affected (N 508.22 – 564.22) by treatments but numerically different when compared with control (N 564.22). The haematology results indicated that white blood cell with values on (12.11 -14.62(x109/l)) and lymphocytes values of (62.93-70.30%) were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary inclusion of CWLM while other blood indices were not significantly affected. In conclusion, pigs between 8-16 weeks of age could tolerate up to 20 % CWLM in their diets without adverse effect on growth performance, nutrient utilization and haematological indices.

Comparative evaluation of black pepper (Piper nigrum) meal and oxytetracycline on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and microbial counts of growing Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

2023-11-13T16:55:53+00:00

A 4-week feeding trial was conducted on comparative evaluation of black pepper meal and Oxytetracycline on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and microbial counts of growing Japanese quails. A total of 210 growing Japanese quails, aged 2 weeks were used for the experiment. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a completely randomized design; such that the diets had 0, 250, 500, 750g/kg black pepper meal and Oxytetracycline at manufacturer’s recommendation. Each diet had 42 birds, replicated three times with each replicate having 14 birds. Results obtained showed that the body weight gain, and feed intake were significantly (p<0.05) increased in quail chicks fed 750g black pepper compared to those fed 0g/kg black pepper meal and Oxytetracycline while the best feed conversion ratio was obtained for chicks fed 750g/kg black pepper. The nutrient digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by dietary supplement of black pepper at 750g except for crude fibre that was not significantly (p>0.05) influenced. The microbial count was significantly (p<0.05) decreased for the harmful bacteria while the beneficial bacteria were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the quails fed 750g black pepper compared to those fed the control and Oxytetracycline diets. It was concluded that addition of black pepper meal could significantly improve performance and the general health status of growing Japanese quails.

Evaluation of the serum biochemistry and haematology of rabbits fed straws and haulms diets

2023-11-13T16:58:33+00:00

With the current unavailability and competition for crop products in the country, there is a need to conserve crop residues, which are found here in Jos, Plateau State, and supplement them in feeding animals, especially during the dry season when fresh forages are not readily available or obtainable. The serum biochemistry and haematology of exotic breeds of rabbits were evaluated. Forty-two (42) weaner rabbits with an average weight of 922.08 g were utilized for the investigation. The haematological and serum biochemical indices were monitored after twelve (12) weeks of feeding. Six (6) rabbits with three (3) males and three (3) females were grouped into seven (7) treatments with individual rabbits as a replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Control groups were fed with feeds containing rice offal; while the six (6) groups from diet 2 (D2) to diet 6 (D3) in which D2 contained 20% acha straw; D3 contained 20% rice straw; D4 contained groundnut haulms; D5 contained cowpea haulms, D6 contained 20% (50% groundnut and 50% groundnut haulms) D7 contained 20% of (50% rice straw and 50% cowpea haulms). After the feeding trial, the blood samples were collected from the ear veins for serum biochemical and Hematology study. The result showed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin, and glucose were significantly different between the treatments; while the total albumin, total protein, urea and creatinine had no significant difference. For haematology there were no significant differences between treatments for PCV, HB, RBC, L, M, E, B, PEP, and POS except for RBC and WBC which had a significant difference of 5% between the treatments. This study indicated that the use of 20 % straw and haulms in diets alongside other feedstuff will meet the nutritional needs of rabbits and aid adequate healthy blood formation and circulation at a similar level to the control diet. It is therefore recommended for rabbit farmers and feed manufacturers.

Is it economical to supplement rams-fed Digitaria smutsii hay with a concentrate mixture at varying levels?

2023-11-13T17:03:17+00:00

The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of breed on the economics of feeding D. smutsii hay supplemented with varying levels of concentrate to different sheep breeds. Balami, Uda and Yankasa rams. Ten adult rams aged between 24 and 36 months each of Balami, Uda and Yankasa sheep and averagely weighing 34.20, 35.35 and 31.80 kg, respectively procured from local markets were used. The rams were fed the concentrate at 1 or 2 % of their body weight and the hay fed ad libitum for 90 days. The differences between the daily feed offered and the remainder were recorded and used to calculate the feed intake. The gain in weight was obtained from the difference between the initial and final weights. Cost of feed consumed and income over expenses were determined. Cost of feed consumed and cost incurred showed that it was cheaper to raise Yankasa than Balami and Uda. Selling price was significantly (P<0.05) higher for Uda and Balami than Yankasa. The highest (P<0.05) income over expenses realised was in Balami (₦10,549.72 followed by Uda with ₦6,98154) while the least was in Yankasa (₦4,875.77). Feeding concentrate to rams at 2 % of body weight showed positive indices and satisfactory rates of return indicating that the activity covered its feeding costs. Hence, farmers are recommended to supplement their rams with concentrate mixture containing about 14% CP and 10.52 MJ/Kg DM ME at 2% of body weight in addition to D. smutsii hay as basal diet for greater economic returns.

Comparative evaluation of cottonseed cake, poultry litter and dried cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta cranz) meal on growth performance of Yankasa lamb rams

2023-11-13T17:18:21+00:00

A study was conducted to evaluate the dietary inclusion of cottonseed cake (CSC), sun dried poultry litter (SDPL) and dried cassava leaf meal (DCLM) on the performance of Yankasa rams. Eighteen (18) weaner rams, weighed 11.5 to 15.5 kg were randomly allotted into three dietary treatments with six animals per treatment in a completely randomized design. The concentrate diet contained CSC, SDPL or DCLM as the main sources of protein with each nitrogen source serving as a treatment designated as COSM, POUT or CASM, respectively, in the supplementary concentrate mixtures. Each group was assigned randomly to one of the three dietary treatments. The diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous to contain 15% CP. The result of chemical analysis showed that treatment COSM or POUT diets had higher values of crude protein than CASM diet. Feed intake were similar (P>0.05) across the treatments, Animals fed CASM diet had significantly (p<0.05) lower final weight gain (27.68 g/d), total weight gain (3.68 g/d) and average daily weight gain (40.87g/d) compared to animals fed COSM or POUT diet. Feed conversion ratio were similar (p>0.05) across the treatment. In conclusion, concentrate mixture of different protein sources improved the growth performance of the rams especially those fed COSM or POUT diet without adverse effect on the feed intake. It is recommended that farmers should feed their livestock at 2 % body weight of the concentrate containing CSC or SDPL.

Effect of supplementation with different protein sources on digestibility and rumen metabolites of Yankasa rams

2023-11-13T17:23:56+00:00

A study was conducted to evaluate the dietary inclusion of cottonseed cake (CSC), sun dried poultry litter (SDPL) and dried cassava leaf meal (DCLM) on digestibility and rumen metabolites of Yankasa rams. Eighteen (18) grower Yankasa rams, weighed 11.5 to 15.5 kg were used to measure the rumen metabolites, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance of the rams. The chemical analysis result showed that treatment COSM or POUT diets had higher values of crude protein than CASM diet. Total dry matter intake was similar (P>0.05) for all the treatments. Rumen parameters were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the nitrogen sources in such a way that rumen pH 4 h after feeding was highest (6.50) in animals fed CASM diet and lowest for the COSM fed animals. Temperature values before feeding was highest (37.38OC) in POUT fed animals and lowest (34.38OC) in COSM fed animals, the total volatile fatty acid values 4 h after feeding was 42.75 and 28.25 for animals fed POUT diet and COSM diet, respectively. Nutrient digestibility was significantly (P <0.05) different on digestibility of nitrogen free extract. Nitrogen intake was significantly (P <0.05) higher in rams fed COSM (52.71 g/d) or POUT (48.72 g/d) diet compared to their counterpart fed CASM diet. Nitrogen balance and nitrogen absorbed were statistically similar (p>0.05) for all the groups. It could be concluded that CSC, SDPL and DCLM is a safe nitrogen sources for rams without any determinant effects.

Blood profile of West African dwarf goats fed diets containing varying levels of Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) leaf meal

2023-11-13T17:26:41+00:00

An 86-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of Siam weed leaf meal (SWLM) containing diets on the blood profile of West African dwarf (WAD) goats. Sixteen WAD bucks of about 8–10 months of age averaging 7.35kg in weight were randomly allotted to four experimental diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% inclusion levels of SWLM in a completely randomized design. The bucks were fed the experimental diets on 3.0% body weight per day basis in the morning (8.00 hours) and later at 15.00 hours, were fed 1 kg wilted Panicum maximum as basal diet. Results showed that packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cells and mean cell haemoglobin concentration were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the 5% inclusion of SWLM. Mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 and T3. White blood cells increased significantly (p<0.05) from T1 to T4. Total protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 and T3. Albumin and glucose were higher (p<0.05) in T1 and T2. Globulin and high-density lipoprotein were significantly (p<0.05) high in T4 (15% SWLM). T2 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher creatinine value. Cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein were significantly higher in T1. In conclusion, the inclusion of Siam weed leaf meal in the diets of West African dwarf goats had no deleterious effects on the blood profile of WAD goats and hence could be included in goat diets up to 15%, since all the blood parameters measured fall within the reference values for goats.

Influence of moisture variability on nutritive contents of herbaceous legumes for utilization in dairy production

2023-11-13T17:28:59+00:00

The aim of the experiment was to analyze the seasonal variations on the nutritive composition of two herbaceous legumes; Dolichos rongai (DR) and Commander chicory (CC) across two sub-seasons (early and late rain) planted on the pastureland of Bowen University, Iwo. Leaf samples were collected twice in each month to make six (6) replicates for each legume. Proximate analysis; moisture, ash, crude-fiber (CF), ether-extract (EE), crude-protein (CP) and Nitrogen-free-extract (NFE) and the chemical composition; neutral-detergent-fibre (NDF), acid-detergent-fibre (ADF), acid-detergent-lignin (ADL) and metabolizable-energy (ME) were carried out in the analytical laboratory. Moisture (%) was significantly higher for DR in early-rain (52.06%) and late-rain (39.42%), these values were lower and in contrast for CC which had higher value in late-rain (18.65%) but lower value (7.23%) in the early-rain. Higher value for CP% in CC (4.46%) while DR was 3.15% CP in the early-rain. The CP% values were p <0.05 higher in the early-rain as compared to late-rain. CC had the higher value for ME (2980kcal/kg) values were p <0.05 higher in early-rain as compared to late-rain (1612 kcal/kg), this was in contrast for DR with p <0.05 lower value during the early-rain (1459 kcal/kg) as compared to late-rain (2064 kcal/kg). The analysed values for CF (%) and ash (%) were higher in the late-rain. Summarily, there were variations in nutrient composition of the herbaceous legume in the rainy sub-seasons. Feeding trials is further recommended to validate these findings.

Meat quality of broiler chickens fed diets with or without supplemental vitamin-mineral premix at the finisher phase

2023-11-13T17:36:00+00:00

The effects of withdrawing supplemental dietary vitamin-mineral premix (DVMP) on meat quality attributes of finisher broiler chickens were investigated in this study. In a completely randomized design, 240 unsexed Arbor Acres broiler chicken strain at day 28 were randomly allotted to two treatments, each replicated ten times, a replicate had 12 chicks. Treatment 1 (T1) was the control diet with supplemental DVMP, while Treatment 2 (T2) was without any supplemental DVMP. The diets were fed to the respective chicks for 14 days. Meat colour, flavour, texture and juiciness were not significantly affected (p>0.05) by the DVMP withdrawal. Conversely, meat tenderness (3.8 and 7.0) was significantly higher (P<0.05) for the broiler meat from T2 than T1, while the overall acceptability (7.9 and 6.30) was significantly higher (P<0.05) for meat from T1. There was no significant effect of the treatment (p>0.05) on meat shear force, however, cooking loss and water holding capacity were significantly higher (p<0.05)for T2. Except for ash content which was significantly higher (p<0.05) for T1 (4.01%) than T2 (2.4%), other proximate indices were similar (p>0.05). There was no effect of the treatment (p>0.05) on other chemical indices of meat (pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Therefore, DVMP was invaluable for the meat quality indices of finisher broilers.

Effects of whole egg powder of different ages on organoleptic indices of cakes and biscuits

2023-11-13T18:29:34+00:00

This experiment investigated how the age of eggs (1, 7, 14, and 21 days old) affects the taste and sensory attributes of cakes and biscuits made using dehydrated whole egg powder. The process involved reconstituting of the egg powders from all age groups and incorporating the egg as part of the recipes for making the cakes and biscuits. Subsequently, the organoleptic properties of the cakes and biscuits such as the colour, flavour, taste, texture, and general acceptability of the resulting cakes and biscuits, were assessed. The findings indicated that there were no significant differences in colour, flavour, taste, or general acceptability among the cakes, colour, texture, taste and general acceptability had no significant difference biscuits regardless of the egg age (p>0.05). However, when it came to texture, the cakes produced from eggs aged 7, 14, and 21 days received higher ratings. However, the colour of the biscuits made with 21-day-old eggs was significantly different from those made with eggs aged 1, 7, and 14 days, with day 1 exhibiting the lowest color value (p<0.05). Flavour for days 1 and 7 were significantly (P<0.05) lower than day 21, while day 14 was signifantly neutral to all the days for biscuits. In conclusion, this study suggests that poultry egg farmers can potentially sell eggs that are 21 days old to egg powder producers at discounted rates. Furthermore, the use of dehydrated whole egg powder from these older eggs in the confectionery industry does not appear to have negative effects on the final product's quality.

Comparative analysis of chicken and guinea fowl egg powder

2023-11-13T18:35:14+00:00

The objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate egg powders produced from fresh chicken egg (CEP) and Guinea fowl egg (GEP) with a view of determining the suitability of Guinea fowl egg as a possible alternative to that of chicken. The CEP and GEP were made by dehydrating 35 and 34 fresh Chicken and Guinea fowl eggs respectively separately using a dehydrator and smoothly blending the resultant egg crusts. Samples from the CEP and GEP were analyzed for their proximate and mineral composition. An organoleptic assessment using ungarnished and garnished fried CEP and GEP was also conducted. The yield percentage obtained from the Chicken and Guinea fowl eggs were 22.4%, and 28.4% respectively. The proximate composition showed the CEP to be higher in crude protein (46.8%) and moisture (6.20%), than the GEP (42.4% crude protein and 2.10% moisture). The ash and oil percentage of the GEP (5.50% and 35.9%) were higher than that of the CEP (3.75% and 29.9%) respectively. The composition of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Zn and Mn were highest in CEP while GEP had the highest P and Cu. Fried guinea fowl eggs whether ungarnished or garnished were rated better (P<0.05) in most of the organoleptic indices. It can be concluded that egg powder can be produced from guinea fowl eggs and it gives higher yield than chicken eggs. The guinea fowl egg powder can also be used comparatively to that of the chicken egg in frying, pastries and other confectioneries irrespective of their proximate and mineral variance.

Performance and Feeding Cost Analyses of Starter Broiler Chicks Fed Diets Containing Graded Levels of Raw Sandbox Seeds (Hura crepitans) As a Source of Methionine

2023-11-13T18:41:59+00:00

A study was conducted to assess the performance and feeding cost analyses of starter broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of sandbox seed (SBS) as a source of methionine. Four dietary treatments labelled T1, T2, T3 and T4 were prepared such that SBS was included at 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% respectively. One hundred and twenty unsexed day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly distributed to the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Proximate analysis and amino acid profile of the sandbox seeds were determined. Initial body weight, feed intake, weight gain and Feed Conversion ratio (FCR) were also determined. Data were also collected on feed cost, feed cost per bird and feed cost per weight gain. All data collected were subjected to one way ANOVA suitable for a completely randomized design using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Proximate analysis shows that the seed has 24.63% crude protein, 10.39% crude fiber, 26.38% Nitrogen-free extract, 27.81% ether extract and 4.79% total ash. The SBS has all the essential amino acids. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the treatments in their effects on total feed intake (940.00g-1048.89g), final weight (440.00g-485.19g), weight gain (403.30-447.92g) and FCR (2.20-2.50). Although there was marginal decrease in the cost of feed per kilogram as the inclusion level of SBS increases (₦372.60, ₦370.70, ₦368.80 and ₦368.54 respectively), the feed cost per bird (₦363.77-₦386.56) and feed cost per kilogram weight gain (₦819.26-₦920.69) were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the treatments. It was concluded that SBS has good nutritional potential and could serve as a source of methionine in poultry feeding.